Pastikah ada sinar yang menanti. Tinggalkan semua detik hitam semalam menjadi kenangan. Esok kembali menagih kasih dari seorang guru. Terima lah cikgu, diri ini yang tidak diminta dilahirkan begini..
Ahad, 7 Jun 2009
SEJARAH, DEFINISI, PRINSIP PENGURUSAN DAN MODEL PENGURUSAN TINGKAHLAKU
•Dalam hal ini tingkah laku murid sangat perlu dikawal oleh guru supaya pengajaran dapat dilaksanakan dengan lancar.
•Pada peringkat awal para pengkaji berpendapat bahawa tingkah laku individu itu adalah disebabkan oleh kuasa dalaman seperti genetik, kandungan kimia dalam badan, dan pengalaman singkat tentang sesuatu yang menyebabkan individu berkelakuan demikian.
•Bermula dari tahun 1920-an, kajian-kajian berkaitan tingkah laku menunjukkan faktor-faktor luaran atau persekitaran yang berlaku sebelum atau selepas sesuatu peristiwa akan merangsang seseorang individu mem
•”Kebanyakan tingkah laku adalah dipelajari. Ini bermakna tingkah laku baru boleh dipelajari sepanjang masa.”
pamerkan sesuatu tingkah laku yang khusus.
•”Tingkah laku yang tidak sesuai seperti agresif atau tingkah laku suka merosakkan harta benda boleh di diubah kepada tingkah laku baru jika individu itu diberi pengajaran.”
Menurut Hewett & Forness (1984) dalam Walker & Shea (1995) tingkah laku seseorang itu, sama ada terhadap dirinya dan juga orang lain adalah dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor berikut:
•Keperluan dan kehendak untuk bertahan (survival) dalam persekitaran yang kasar dan kurang mesra.
•Kepercayaan kepada khurafat / tahyul, atau keperluan untuk bertindak balas terhadap sesuatu yang tidak diketahui.
•Kepercayaan kepada sains, atau keperluan untuk menyiasat, menganalisis, dan menjelaskan sesuatu yang tidak diketahui.
•Perkhidmatan, atau keperluan membantu, membimbing, mengawal, dan mensejahterakan kehidupan mereka yang kurang bernasib baik.
MAKSUD DAN DEFINISI TINGKAHLAKU
•Maksud & Definisi T/laku :
Semua tindakan manusia yg boleh diperhati, diukur & dinilai
•Sejarah kpd teori Pengurusan T/laku:
Kajian ahli psikologi :
- Operant Conditioning (Pertalian antara t/laku & akibat) Thorndike & Skinner
-Classical Conditioning (Pertalian antara rangsangan & tindakbalas) Watson & Pavlov
-Teori Psychoanalytic – Sigmund Freud
-Teori Pembelajaran Sosial - Bandura
PRINSIP-PRINSIP PENGURUSAN T/LAKU
•Ilmu psikologi telah memberi pelbagai maklumat berkaitan perkara-perkara yg menentukan t/laku
•Pd. peringkat awal, para pengkajiberpendapat t/l disebabkan oleh kuasa dalaman spt. keturunan, kandungan kimia dlm. badan & pengalaman
•Mulai tahun 1920 an – perubahan terdapat perubahan pendapat dpd. Faktor dalaman kpd. peristiwa luaran / persekitaran
•Rumusan – ‘kebanyakan t/laku adalah dipelajari sepanjang masa’
‘t/laku yg tidak sesuai boleh diubah kpd. t/laku baru
PRINSIP-PRINSIP PENGURUSAN T/LAKU
•Semua t/laku dipelajari
•Semua t/laku adalah ‘stimulus spesific’
•T/laku boleh diajar & diubah
•Matlamat perlu jelas & spesifik
•Program perlu secara individu
•Program perlu fokus masa kini
•Program perlu fokus pada persekitaran kanak-kanak
MODEL TINGKAH LAKU MANUSIA
•Psychodynamic
•Environmental
•Biophysical
•Behavioral (Model ABC)
SELAMAT DATANG KUMPULAN PGSR DAN KDC PEND.KHAS
Isnin, 4 Mei 2009
KAKAK
Ahad, 3 Mei 2009
ZURA-Secebis Kisah Masyarakat
Kita pulak kalau tau ada orang miskin, takat sedih je, takat gebang marah pemimpin tak bantu. Yang kita tu, bila nak mula bantu? Apa usaha kita? kekadang kita nampak orang mintak sedekah, kita buat donno je, ada yang lari dari pakcik makcik peminta yang dah konfom buta!Barapa ramaikah Zura di tempat anda ?
Selasa, 21 April 2009
Selamat Berkhemah
Isnin, 20 April 2009
Asperger Syndrome
An Autism Spectrum Disorder
Asperger syndrome (AS) is a neurobiological disorder that is part of a group of conditions called autism spectrum disorders. The term "autism spectrum" refers to a range of developmental disabilities that includes autism as well as other disorders with similar characteristics.
They are known as spectrum disorders because the symptoms of each can appear in different combinations and in varying degrees of severity: two children with the same diagnosis, though they may share certain patterns of behavior, can exhibit a wide range of skills and abilities.
As a result, general terms such as "low-functioning," "high-functioning," "autistic tendencies," "pervasive developmental disorder," and others are often used to describe children whose behaviors fall within the spectrum. Kids with AS share many of the same symptoms as those with "high-functioning autism."
It's estimated that more than 400,000 families are affected by AS. Because milder cases are being identified more frequently, the incidence appears to be increasing. However, like other autism spectrum disorders, AS is often difficult to diagnose and treat.
About Asperger Syndrome
The disorder is named after Hans Asperger, a Viennese pediatrician who, in 1940, first described a set of behavior patterns apparent in some of his patients, mostly males. Asperger noticed that although these boys had normal intelligence and language development, they had severely impaired social skills, were unable to communicate effectively with others, and had poor coordination.
According to the Asperger Syndrome Coalition of the United States, the onset of AS is later than what is typical in autism — or at least it is recognized later. Many kids are diagnosed after age 3, with most diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 9.
AS is characterized by poor social interactions, obsessions, odd speech patterns, and other peculiar mannerisms. Kids with AS often have few facial expressions and have difficulty reading the body language of others; they might engage in obsessive routines and display an unusual sensitivity to sensory stimuli (for example, they may be bothered by a light that no one else notices; they may cover their ears to block out sounds in the environment; or they might prefer to wear clothing made only of a certain material).
SPINA BIFIDA
Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. The term spina bifida comes from Latin and literally means "split" or "open" spine.
Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of the embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area. In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back. The condition usually is detected before a baby is born and treated right away.
Types of Spina Bifida
The causes of spina bifida are largely unknown. Some evidence suggests that genes may play a role, but in most cases there is no familial connection. A high fever during pregnancy may increase a woman's chances of having a baby with spina bifida. Women with epilepsy who have taken the drug valproic acid to control seizures may have an increased risk of having a baby with spina bifida.
The two forms of spina bifida are spina bifida occulta and spina bifida manifesta.
Spina bifida occulta is the mildest form of spina bifida (occulta means hidden). Most children with this type of defect never have any health problems, and the spinal cord is often unaffected.
Spina bifida manifesta includes two types of spina bifida:
- Meningocele involves the meninges, the membranes responsible for covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord. If the meninges push through the hole in the vertebrae (the small, ring-like bones that make up the spinal column), the sac is called a meningocele.
- Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It occurs when the meninges push through the hole in the back, and the spinal cord also pushes though. Most babies who are born with this type of spina bifida also have hydrocephalus, an accumulation of fluid in and around the brain.
Because of the abnormal development of and damage to the spinal cord, a child with myelomeningocele typically has some paralysis. The degree of paralysis largely depends on where the opening occurs in the spine. The higher the opening is on the back, the more severe the paralysis tends to be.
Children with spina bifida often have problems with bowel and bladder control, and some may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or other learning difficulties, such as hand-eye coordination problems.
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